Paper: Non-pharmaceutical public health measures for mitigating the risk and impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza Report of systematic literature reviews

Reference:

World Health Organization. (2019). Non-pharmaceutical public health measures for mitigating the risk and impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza: annex: report of systematic literature reviews (No. WHO/WHE/IHM/GIP/2019.1). World Health Organization.

Methods:

·      We systematically review and evaluate the evidence base on the effectiveness and impact of community mitigation measures for pandemic and interpandemic influenza.

·      This evidence base will contribute to updated public health guidelines for community mitigation measures for influenza.

·      The scope of this review includes evidence on the effectiveness of interventions such as personal protective measures, environmental measures, social distancing measures, and travelrelated measures.

Aim:

This section covers internal travel restrictions only-international travel restrictions are not covered in this document

Findings:

Pendekatan kesehatan masyarakat melalui vaksin dan obat-obatan anti virus sangatlah terbatas, jadi pendekatan non-obat-obatan perlu dilakukan seperti pembatasan mobilisasi

Public health measures against pandemic influenza include vaccines, antiviral drugs and nonpharmaceutical measures.

Given that vaccines against novel pandemic strains are unlikely to be available in the early months of an influenza pandemic, and antiviral drugs are in short supply in many locations, non-pharmaceutical public health measures are often some of the most accessible interventions for community mitigation of a pandemic

Cuci tangan dan menggunakan masker

A number of high-quality randomized controlled trials demonstrating that personal measures (e.g. hand hygiene and face masks) have at best a small effect on transmission, with the caveat that higher compliance in a severe pandemic might improve efficacy

Penutupan sekolah dan pembatasan perjalanan

·      School closures can reduce transmission, but would need to be carefully timed to achieve mitigation objectives, while there may be ethical issues to consider

·      Travel-related measures are unlikely to be successful in most locations because current screening tools such as thermal scanners cannot identify presymptomatic and asymptomatic infections, and travel restrictions and travel bans are likely to have prohibitive economic consequences.

Travel Restriksi

·      a strict travel restriction (95% travel restriction, enforced for 4 weeks) could reduce the epidemic peak by 12%, and a moderate restriction (50% travel restriction, enforced for 2–4 weeks) could delay the pandemic peak by 1–1.5 weeks

·      Another simulation study predicted that an internal travel restriction of more than 80% could be beneficial (232).

·      A strict internal travel restriction (90%) was also consistently found to delay the epidemic peak by 2 weeks in the United Kingdom, and by less than 1 week in the USA (114). However, a 75% restriction had almost no effect (114).