Jurnal: Non-pharmaceutical public health measures for mitigating the risk and impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza

Non-pharmaceutical public health measures for mitigating the risk and impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza

Source : World Health Organization 2019 (ISBN 978-92-4-151683-9)

World Health Organization. (2019). Non-pharmaceutical public health measures for mitigating the risk and impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza : annex: report of systematic literature reviews (No. WHO/WHE/IHM/GIP/2019.1). In No. 2019/1. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329439/WHO-WHE-IHM-GIP-2019.1-eng.pdf?ua=1

7.3. Internal travel restrictions

This section covers internal travel restrictions only – international travel restrictions are not covered in this document1.

Summary of evidence

One epidemiological study (231) and four simulation studies (114, 162, 232, 233) related to internal travel restrictions were included in this review. A time-series analysis study conducted in the USA showed that frequency of domestic airline travel is temporally associated with the rate of influenza spread, and following the September 11 attacks in 2001, a reduction in such travel delayed the epidemic peak by 13 days compared with the average for other years (231). A simulation study predicted that implementation of a strict travel restriction (95% travel restriction, enforced for 4 weeks) could reduce the epidemic peak by 12%, and a moderate restriction (50% travel restriction, enforced for 2–4 weeks) could delay the pandemic peak by 1–1.5 weeks (162). Another simulation study predicted that an internal travel restriction of more than 80% could be beneficial (232). A strict internal travel restriction (90%) was also consistently found to delay the epidemic peak by 2 weeks in the United Kingdom, and by less than 1 week in the USA (114). However, a 75% restriction had almost no effect (114).